Chapter 3—Human Development

Chapter 3—Human Development
I. Infancy and childhood
a. Cognitive development
i. Piaget
1. schemas: mental molds into which we pour our experiences.
2. stage model:
a. Sensorimotor stage: (birth to about 2)
i. Object permanence; stranger anxiety
b. Preoperational stage—(2-6 years)
i. Conservation; egocentrism; theory of mind
c. Concrete operational stage—(6-12)
d. Formal operational stage—(12 and up)
ii. Overview of Piaget—What do babies really know?
b. Social Development
i. Attachment.
1. Origins of attachment—
i. contact comfort--Harry Harlow (1950s)
ii. responsive parenting--Ainsworth’s strange situation experiment
a. secure attachment vs. insecure attachment
2. Effects of attachment
ii. Child-Rearing Practices
1. Authoritarian, permissive, authoritative, indifferent
iii. Morality Development
1. Kohlberg’s stages
2. power assertion vs. induction
II. Gender Development
III. Adolescence
IV. The Transition to Adulthood—When are you grown up?
V. Social Development during Adulthood—Erikson and others

a. trust vs. mistrust (to 1 year)
b. Autonomy vs. shame/doubt (1-2 years)
c. Initiative vs. guilt (3-5 years)
d. Competence vs. inferiority (6-puberty)
e. Identity vs. role confusion (adolescence to early adulthood)
f. Intimacy vs. isolation (young adulthood)
g. Generativity vs. stagnation (midlife)
h. Integrity vs. Despair (late life)


Parenting Scenarios:
1. Your three year old has become more aggressive with other children at her playgroup. She grabs toys, and hits or scratches other children when she becomes angry.
2. Your eleven year old has started to speak to you rudely and disrespectfully. She rolls her eyes when you talk to her, ignores your requests, and occasionally lashes out and yells at you or says she doesn’t care what you think.
3. Your seventeen-year-old came home from a party past curfew, and it was clear he had been drinking.


Essay question for chapter 3:
1. Explain the difference between power assertion and induction, and give an example of each.