Chapter 3—Human Development

Chapter 3—Human Development
I. Infancy and childhood
a. Cognitive development
i. Piaget
1. schemas: mental molds into which we pour our experiences.
2. stage model:
a. Sensorimotor stage: (birth to about 2)
i. Object permanence; stranger anxiety
b. Preoperational stage—(2-6 years)
i. Conservation; egocentrism; theory of mind
c. Concrete operational stage—(6-12)
d. Formal operational stage—(12 and up)
ii. Overview of Piaget—What do babies really know?
b. Social Development
i. Attachment.
1. Origins of attachment—
i. contact comfort--Harry Harlow (1950s)
ii. responsive parenting--Ainsworth’s strange situation experiment
a. secure attachment vs. insecure attachment
2. Effects of attachment
ii. Child-Rearing Practices
1. Authoritarian, permissive, authoritative, indifferent
iii. Morality Development
1. Kohlberg’s stages
2. power assertion vs. induction
II. Gender Development
III. Adolescence
IV. The Transition to Adulthood—When are you grown up?
V. Social Development during Adulthood—Erikson and others

a. trust vs. mistrust (to 1 year)
b. Autonomy vs. shame/doubt (1-2 years)
c. Initiative vs. guilt (3-5 years)
d. Competence vs. inferiority (6-puberty)
e. Identity vs. role confusion (adolescence to early adulthood)
f. Intimacy vs. isolation (young adulthood)
g. Generativity vs. stagnation (midlife)
h. Integrity vs. Despair (late life)


Parenting Scenarios:
1. Your three year old has become more aggressive with other children at her playgroup. She grabs toys, and hits or scratches other children when she becomes angry.
2. Your eleven year old has started to speak to you rudely and disrespectfully. She rolls her eyes when you talk to her, ignores your requests, and occasionally lashes out and yells at you or says she doesn’t care what you think.
3. Your seventeen-year-old came home from a party past curfew, and it was clear he had been drinking.


Essay question for chapter 3:
1. Explain the difference between power assertion and induction, and give an example of each.

Ch. 2 Lecture Outline

CHAPTER 2 Lecture Outline
I. The Psychoanalytic Perspective
1. Origins of Freud’s theories
2. Personality structure: id, ego, superego
3. Freud's psychosexual stages of development
o oral stage (0-18 months)
o anal stage (18-36 months)
o critical phallic stage (3-6 years); Oedipus complex
o The latency stage (6 years to puberty)
o genital stage (puberty on)
4. Defense Mechanisms
o repression
o regression
o reaction formation
o projection
o rationalization
o displacement and sublimation

II. The Humanistic Perspective
1. Maslow --self-actualization.
2. Rogers—unconditional positive regard
3. The Self and Self-Esteem

III. Trait Perspective
1. factor analysis
2. Big Five: emotional stability, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness.
3. Person-Situation Controversy—are we consistent?

IV. The Nature and Nurture of Personality
1. heritability
2. behavioral genetics research
3. environmental influences
4. genetic-environmental correlation

V. The Social-Cognitive Perspective
1. reciprocal determinism
2. personal control and learned helplessness

Chapter 2 Essay Question:
1. Briefly describe three defense mechanisms and give an example of each.



Please answer the following by circling yes or no:

1. Did you do something with other people last night that was just for fun (for example, go out with friends, or go to a party)? Yes No
2. Think back to the last time someone asked you for a favor. Did you say yes?
Yes No
3. Did you finish reading Chapter 2 before class? Yes No
4. Have you been worried or anxious today? Yes No
5. Have you read a book for fun in the last week? Yes No

Big Five Inventory: Scoring Instructions
(Note: I have extra copies of this inventory, but it's not yet available on my blog.)

• Extraversion: First reverse the numbers placed in front of items 7, 19, and 33 (1 = 5, 2 = 4, 3 = 3, 4 = 2, 5 = 1), then add all the numbers for items 1, 7, 13, 19, 33, 39, 46, 49, and 53. Scores can range from 9 to 45, with higher scores reflecting greater extraversion.
• Agreeableness: First reverse the numbers placed in front of items 2, 15, 25, and 40 (1 = 5, 2 = 4, 3 = 3, 4 = 2, 5 = 1), then add all the numbers for items 2, 8, 15, 25, 28, 34, 40, 45, and 51. Scores can range from 9 to 45, with higher scores reflecting greater agreeableness.
• Conscientiousness: Reverse the numbers placed in front of items 10, 21, 29, and 52 (1 = 5, 2 = 4, 3 = 3, 4 = 2, 5 = 1), then add all the numbers in front of items 3, 10, 16, 21, 24, 29, 36, 42, and 52. Total scores can range from 9 to 45, with higher scores reflecting greater conscientiousness.
• Emotional Stability: Reverse the numbers placed in front of items 5, 17, 31, 37, and 47 (1 = 5, 2 = 4, 3 = 3, 4 = 2, 5 = 1), then add all the numbers in front of items 5, 11, 17, 22, 26, 31, 37, 43, and 47. Scores can range from 9 to 45, with higher scores reflecting greater emotional stability.
• Openness: Reverse the numbers in front of items 9, 14, 32, and 54 (1 = 5, 2 = 4, 3 = 3, 4 = 2, 5 = 1), then add the numbers in front of 4, 6, 9, 12, 14, 18, 20, 23, 27, 30, 32, 35, 38, 41, 44, 48, 50, and 54. Total scores can range from 18 to 90, with higher scores reflecting greater openness.

Quiz Reminder!

Don't forget to study for your first quiz (and bring a scan-tron and pencil)!

Chapters 1&2; focus on key terms for the matching portion, and concepts for the multiple choice

LPC: Postponed to 2/19
Ohlone: 2/13